In this paper the connection between innovation and learning is emphasized and the different time-scales that are characteristic for different stages in this process are discussed. In a very general way complex adaptive systems can be characterized by their capability of evolving in the sense of adapting to a changing environment. During evolutionary processes selection mechanisms favor those systems that have a higher rate of survival and reproduction. Although traditional biology worked under the assumption that those mechanism only apply to individuals more recent evidence supports the claim that epigenetic traditions can emerge in animal as well as in human societies that support formation and selection of groups and larger social organizations.